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Closest to Earth: Andromeda (M31) ---- 2.5 million Light Years (distance)---------- Closest Galaxy Proxima Century ----- 4.423 Light year (distance)--------------- Closest Star HR 6819 ------------ 1.09 Light Year (distance)--------------- Closest Black hole Markarian 231 ------- 581 million Light Years (distance)---------- Closest QUASAR Neowise ----------- 0.69 Astronomical Unit (distance)----------- Closest Comet Geminga ----------- 800 Light Years (distance)---------------- Closest PULSAR Distance Measuring Units: Astronomical Unit: An Astronomical Unit (AU) is the distance between earth and sun which is equal to 93 million miles or 153 million kilometers. Astronomical Unit is usually used to measure the distance within the solar system Parsec: The parsec is the unit of length used to measure the large distances to astronomical objects which are outside of the solar system. 1 Parsec = 31 trillion kilometre 1 Parsec = 210,000 astronomical units AU 1 Parsec

AC-DC Power Supply 1 ( Block Diagram)

THEORETICAL BLOCK DIAGRAM So the basic purpose of a power supply is to convert and AC signal to DC Signal. The block diagram of the power supply would be something like given below The small electronic circuits cannot handle high voltage current. So a transformer is used to reduce the AC input and will give the required AC voltage value at output Now to convert an AC signal to DC signal A rectifier is used. The output from the rectifier is not a pure DC output. In fact, it contains a lot of ripples and it is highly not smooth. To make the DC output smooth and remove the AC content of the rectifier a filter circuit is used. This filter is either LC (inductor-capacitor) filter, RC (resistive – capacitive) filter. The choice of the filter depends on the designer of the circuit and to the type of power supply. The output now becomes a full DC with constant signal but still it is unregulated voltage. Meaning that a designer is receiving a higher than required voltage. So,